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moncler outlet online store There are ways other than geography to define and study populations. Time, political leanings, religious beliefs or physical characteristics are all ways to divide people into different populations. The study of populations is accomplished by examining these different populations and seeing where they overlap. For example, if you know the population of Americans who are Republicans, and you know the population of Americans who live in Texas, you can study where those populations intersect and learn something about both Republicans and Texans. moncler outlet online store

moncler outlet ny The most basic (though not necessarily easiest or most accurate) way to measure population is simply to count everyone. This is known as a census and is usually undertaken by government officials. In the past, religious organizations carried out censuses, but usually on a local or regional moncler uk outlet level. The Roman Empire conducted censuses in order to measure the pool cheap moncler jackets womens of military age men and for taxation purposes, but these were limited because Romans had to report to government officials in their hometown to be counted. People who were poor or otherwise unable to travel were seldom counted [source: Weinstein Pillai]. government conducted the first true census in 1790 and has conducted a full census every 10 years ever since. A full census is sometimes known as complete enumeration every single person is counted either through face to face interviews or through questionnaires. There are no estimates. moncler outlet ny

moncler outlet woodbury Even a full census has limits. In countries with moncler sale online very remote areas, it can be impossible for census takers to count everyone. census suffered from a documented undercount in part because census takers were afraid to go into some inner city neighborhoods [source: Weinstein Pillai]. A census also has trouble collecting information on rare populations. A rare population is one that is small or not reflected in standard census data. The United States isn’t allowed to collect religious information in the national census, for example, so American Muslims could be considered a rare population. People who participate in a particular hobby or own a certain model of car are other examples of rare populations. moncler outlet woodbury

moncler outlet store One alternative to a complete enumeration census is uk moncler sale sampling. You might be familiar moncler womens jackets with this as the method used by market research companies and political analysts to conduct their research. Statisticians use a mathematical formula to determine the minimum number of people who must be counted to constitute a representative sample of the total population. For example, if the total population is 1,000 people, researchers might only need to survey 150 of them directly. Then they can take the data from the sample and extrapolate it to the full population. If 10 percent of the people in the sample are left handed, it can be assumed that 100 out of a population of 1,000 are left handed. moncler outlet store

moncler jackets canada Sampling can actually return more accurate results than full enumeration, but there are some caveats. All samples have a margin of error, because there’s always a chance that the sample selected for the survey differs from the total population in some way. This is expressed as a percentage of possible variation, such as “plus or minus four percent.” The larger the sample size, the lower the margin of error. In addition, samples must be chosen as randomly as possible. This can be harder than it sounds. Let’s say you moncler outlet sale want to survey a sample of everyone in France. One method used in the past was to select names at cheap moncler sale random from the phone book. However, this eliminates certain classes of people from the possibility of being selected for the sample: poor people moncler sale outlet with no phones; people who use cell phones and thus don’t appear in the phone book; people with unlisted numbers; and most college students. moncler jackets canada

cheap moncler Age The age of a population can tell us a lot about what the population is doing, as well as what it moncler outlet store will be doing in the future. A sudden increase in the birth rate (such as moncler outlet store the post World War II “Baby Boom” in the United States) creates a “bulge” in the population. A larger than normal percentage of the population is then concentrated into a certain age group. As those people age, the bulge moves through the population and can have enormous societal effects. economy. As moncler outlet woodbury they move into old age, they will exert immense pressure on the health care industry and Social Security. cheap moncler

moncler coats for men Location Finding out where people live is one of the biggest reasons the United States conducts its census. Legislators in the House of Representatives are allocated to each state based on that state’s population. Many government programs base their funding on population patterns as well. Location data also tells us about the movement of people. census data shows that Americans have been moving less and less often since the 1940s and that in the last 15 to 20 years, Americans have been moving away from the Northeast and into the Southeast [source: Population Estimates, Census 2000 Special Reports]. moncler coats for men

moncler outlet usa cheapmoncler Race The demographic study of race is very controversial. Scientifically, there’s no such thing as different “races” of human beings. The difference between Asian people and black people is the same as the difference between people with brown eyes and people with blue eyes. However, the idea of race still plays an important role in our societies. Many of us self identify as being part of a certain race for cultural reasons. Demographers can study racial populations for information on issues that might be emphasized within a racial group, such as a medical problem. Census Bureau explains the race data they collect as “generally reflect[ing] a social definition of race recognized in this country. They do not conform to any biological, anthropological, moncler outlet or genetic criteria” [source: ]. moncler outlet usa

womens moncler jackets The discount moncler jackets human population has increased almost continually throughout history. Since no solid records exist for most historical periods, scholars have to estimate worldwide populations based on whatever demographic information they can piece together. there were 50 million. 600, worldwide population had reached 200 million. At the dawn of the 20th century, 1.5 billion humans lived on the planet [source: Historical Estimates of World Population]. womens moncler jackets

moncler outlet Our population seems to increase with greater moncler online store and greater speed as the centuries go on. The primary reason for this is simple each increase in population creates more people able to reproduce. Population grows exponentially. If one million people have enough moncler usa children to double the population (taking into account mortality rates), then the next generation will have twice as many giving birth to children. Doubling the population then results in four million people. This is sometimes known as the Malthusian Growth Model, named after one of the earliest researchers of population, Thomas Malthus. moncler outlet

cheap moncler jackets wholesale Worldwide population spikes in the past can only be estimated due to incomplete historical records, but evidence of sudden population growth coincides with the discovery of tools, the domestication of food crops and the Industrial Revolution. Each of these major changes in the way humans lived their lives resulted in a vastly increased capacity to produce food, goods or labor. They also freed up some people to take on specialized jobs and improved the overall quality of life. These conditions allowed humans to flourish and increase their populations. Generally speaking, periods of increased population growth coincide with periods of prosperity. cheap moncler jackets wholesale

moncler outlet uk As a population grows, it’s put under pressure. This pressure can come from a lack of resources to feed, house and provide services; disease; war; or lack of enough space. The pressure can be relieved by migration. Wars, diseases and famine also reduce the pressure by killing off a portion of the population. In fact, the basis for Thomas Malthus’ famous population theories is that human population will inevitably grow beyond the ability of the Earth to sustain it, resulting in self correcting (and unpleasant) pressures. moncler outlet uk

moncler outlet kids Our vulnerability to these factors is based on population moncler sale density, the number of humans per unit of area. Since the Industrial Revolution, urbanization has caused a tremendous increase in population density in cities. The highest population density best moncler jackets ever probably occurred in the Kowloon Walled City area of Hong Kong. At one point, about 50,000 people lived in a megablock that was about 150 meters by 200 meters cheap moncler jackets in area [source: Tofu Magazine]. The virtually lawless district was evacuated and torn down to make way for a park. Today, the areas of greatest population density are moncler outlet prices obviously in major urban areas. India and China have large areas of intensely high population density [source: NASA Visible Earth]. moncler outlet kids

moncler coats for kids As population density in a given area increases, it approaches what’s known as the carrying capacity. This is the maximum number of humans an area is capable of supporting in terms of available resources. For animals, this is easy to calculate. A goat, for example, might need 50 square yards of grass to cheap moncler coats mens survive. An area of 200 square yards therefore has a carrying capacity of four goats. Calculating carrying capacity for humans is much more complex. We can use technology to improve our resource production. We can ship in resources from other areas. We can create sanitation systems and other infrastructure to support higher density. moncler coats for kids

moncler outlets uk Humans are also capable of voluntarily controlling their own populations. This can occur on a large scale, like a government program or law, or at the individual level. Individuals have had far greater access to birth control since the 1960s. Governments can control populations moncler outlet online by enforcing penalties for having too many children, by making it more advantageous to have fewer children, or by sterilizing people so they’re unable to reproduce. Unfortunately, some governments have attempted to reduce or eliminate certain populations they view as undesirable by killing them off en masse this is known as genocide. moncler outlets uk

cheap moncler jackets outlet How can that be? The simple answer is: birth control. Since the 1960s, when birth control pills became widely available to women in industrialized nations, the rate at which the world’s population grows each year has dropped steadily [source: World Population Growth Rates]. This is becoming a problem in some countries, particularly if their population has been reduced by other factors such as disease or war. Russia is planning a program that would pay women cash grants for having children. Australia, Japan and several other nations have similar programs [source: New York Times].One argument says that population decline is a problem because the wrong populations are declining. This line of thinking states that wealthy, educated Europeans, Americans and Asians are more likely to have fewer children and have better access to effective birth control. These populations are shrinking while poor people in Third World countries seem to be reproducing rapidly. Is there any uk moncler outlet validity to this argument? cheap moncler jackets outlet

moncler chicago It’s true that people in industrialized nations tend to have fewer children and have them later in life, and they do have better access to birth control. However, a child born in the United States will consume an enormous amount of resources and generate tons of pollution in his or her lifetime. A child born into a very poor country will use a tiny fraction of these resources, leaving cheap moncler jackets mens a much smaller ecological footprint moncler chicago.